Sunday, 16 November 2014

CaSE AGM 2014: NASA's chief scientist Dr Ellen Stofan outlines the future of human exploration to Mars

As a member of the Royal Astronomical Society and the 'Campaign for Science & Engineering' I was lucky to attend a lecture by NASA's chief scientist, Dr Ellen Stofan. The lecture described an international programme that should see humans on the surface of the red planet by 2035. Although, as Dr Stofan highlighted, there are some immense logistical and engineering problems that require solving to get to that point—the road will be long and arduous, but I have confidence that human ingenuity will prevail.


mars_2445397b
In the wake of ESA’s latest successful mission to comet 67P NASA’s chief scientist, Dr Ellen Stofan, outlines the future of planetary science and human exploration to Mars.
In an inspiring lecture presented at the science museum, London (14/11/2014), Dr Stofan described a realistic schedule, assembled by the international science community, that should place humans in lunar orbit by the ‘early 2030s’ and on the surface of Mars ‘by 2035.’
The programme is scheduled to be delivered in progressive stages and will provide solutions to certain logistical and engineering problems, such as: human nutrition, water supply and colony sustainability; through to, radiation exposure, propulsion/braking systems and energy supply.
Another critical problem is microgravity.  The effects of microgravity have been studied on past space missions and are currently being monitored on the International Space Station.
How humans operate in microgravity is vitally important, as physiological problems such as calcium depletion, muscle wastage, cognitive impairment and intracranial pressure have been observed. Also, as Dr Stofan highlights, environmental issues such as dust particulates will need to be overcome, as any free floating particles will have detrimental effects on sensitive equipment and human respiratory systems.
Coupled with these issues, one further problem with space exploration is escaping Earth’s gravitational field, this means current rocket payloads have highly limited mass restrictions. To help overcome this problem an intermediate staging post like the Moon will be utilised and remote 3D printing has been suggested to help create living quarters and other logistical implements that maybe required—again, the effects of microgravity on printing materials will have to be solved.
Current and future planned missions to Mars, include: ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter (2016) and ExoMars rover (2018)NASA’s MAVEN programme (satellite in orbit – 21st Sept 2014), and a further planned orbiter (currently unnamed) in 2020. These missions will provide detailed environmental analysis (water, weather, mineral deposits, etc), as well as geological mapping that will help maximise success for any future human habitation/exploration.
Mechanical rovers have proved to be very successful so far but are highly restricted in what they can ultimately achieve. As Dr Stofan pointed out, ‘I have a notion that it will take humans on the surface of Mars to actually get the science we need.’ The programme that NASA is coordinating along with the international community should ensure this ambition is fulfilled on target.

Why do we exist? Fermilab's NOvA Experiment Intends To Provide An Answer

Why do we exist is a question I quite regularly ask myself. Hopefully Fermilab will provide an answer for me.

Below is an article I wrote explaining Fermilab's current neutrino experiment. The way neutrinos behave and interact with matter, although weakly, should reveal answers concerning the structure of our universe. 
Fermilab are hoping, with their NOvA experiment, to answer the very fundemental human question: why do we exist? 
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Physicists calculate that both matter and antimatter were created during the big bang in equal quantities. If this is true then why does ordinary matter dominate? Why does life, planets, galaxies, etc exist?
When matter interacts with antimatter both annihilate to produce decay products such as, gamma-ray photons, neutrinos and other lower mass particle-antiparticle pairs. Why then, when bearing this in mind, are we here to ponder this and other physical phenomena? If all matter annihilated at the very inception of the universe all that should exist is a dead structureless space, devoid of anything we know the universe to contain, including life.
To help solve this and other secific problems connected with particle physics, Fermilab have devised and constructed the NOvA experiment.
NOvA consists of two specially constructed detectors located 810km apart (Fermilab HQ and Ash River,  North Minnesota) and a high powered neutrino beam source (NUmI – Neutrinos at Main Injector) located at Fermilab, Chicago.
NOvA Detector
NOvA Detector
An individual block slice of the NOvA detectors
An individual block slice of the NOvA detectors





The facility is now up and running and is expected to reveal insights into the very nature of neutrinos. This will entail exploring both how they oscillate and how they transform into various types or ‘flavours’ (muon, electron, tau)—investigating this behaviour is expected to provide critical answers regarding the predominance of matter.
The facility works by firing a high energy beam of muon neutrinos through both detectors and monitoring how the constituent parts of the beam might potentially change. To date, researchers have recorded how neutrinos transform between muon and tau varieties, although muon to electron neutrino events have never been physically detected—it is this transformation that is hoped to be captured by NOvA.
The NUmI horn which will provide the neutrino beam for Fermilab's experiments
The NUmI horn which will provide the neutrino beam for Fermilab’s experiments
Further aspects of neutrino physics are also planned for investigation:
Each type is believed to contain a different mass value, therefore mass order will hopefully be deduced. Also, research into how muon neutrinos oscillate compared to their antiparticle equivalent should provide answers associated with CP violation (charge-parity) and any associated mechanism that might have initiated the matter-antimatter asymmetry you, I and the universe experience today.

Sunday, 9 November 2014

Science is truth, it is not 'Soma' for the masses

As somebody who loves science and who is a passionate advocate for the credible advancement of human knowledge and education, I would like to say this as an opening salvo to my new blog:

Science is pure knowledge that should not, in any way, be used to manipulate, discourage or mislead people; it should not be used for political gain and should definitely not be used to provide an artificial stimulant for people's well-being—science is not Soma; it is not an artificial drug for a brave new world (Huxley 1932). Science is above all of these things; it transcends everyday human behaviour; it is objective truth. This is why science should be protected against any cynical devaluation that I commonly, and more frequently, see these days—particularly on the internet.

I was involved in a situation recently that has made me feel compelled to write this post. 

To explain, I quite often write for a science website, in a voluntary capacity, volunteering up my passion and the small amount of scientific knowledge I have worked hard to obtain. The aim of this is to hopefully educate inquisitive young people—and adults— with a similar love of science, and to hopefully inspire them to follow science as a subject to explore and study. I try to do this in a way that is informative, factually correct, fun, and enjoyable to read. It is free-thought within the credible constraints of scientific protocol.

To expand on my science communication experience I recently applied for a position writing for an up and coming news publication which has approximately 5000 online followers and links to certain already established news outlets. This involved submitting an article I had already composed, edited and published in the past, describing the development of a new type of medical device. Currently, this publication is purely an online enterprise, although it has plans to progress into print media, supplying London with up to date information regarding a multitude of different topical subjects, including science.

The new media service has an overriding concept based around the philosophy of, 'positivity.' The premise of this philosophy is to provide and 'educate' Londoners with the latest 'positive' news to make everyone feel good about themselves, their direct environment, and the world in general.

What's wrong with that, you're probably saying. Nothing, in general, I only have a problem when it comes to providing 'positive' news for 'positive' news' sake; when that very ideal becomes like a modern crusade, delivered with unthinking(?) zeal; when the concept becomes more important than the facts.

For instance, if I was an editor working for a newspaper and I had, say, ten articles for publishing: Five of those articles where deemed negative (corruption, violence, politics, etc) and five where deemed 'positive' (charity, sporting achievements, cures for disease, etc), as the editor, and as a right minded and balanced person, I would make sure there was a healthy mix of the two—because let’s face it, life consists of both good and bad in equal measure. Unfortunately, life is not made up of good 'positive' things all of the time. Granted, I wish it were, but to convince myself that life was so is just plain delusional, it's unhealthy, and is, quite frankly, a little bit insane—and when used for political or ideological capital, slightly odious too. 

To progress my recent experience: after submitting my article I had a reply from the recruiting person indicating that two of the paragraphs were not 'positive' and should be removed from the article. The person, whose name was not revealed, also inserted a diatribe about how the main stream media commonly publish material that is subjective, negative and sensationalist in nature. Is that the same MSM outlets that provide encouraging reviews on their website? Hmm, I suspect not. The mystery person, or was it a collective I'm not too sure, asked me, 'if you [me] would like to challenge your [mine] writing style then please re-write your [my] article but in a more positive manner and re-submit.' I.E. Lose the information that we don't agree with and doesn't suit the message we want to send to our readers. What type of message do they want to send to their readers? 

Now, does that mean 'challenge' my writing style or does it mean 'challenge' my thoughts? Hmmm, investigating their website further revealed dubious language like, 're-programme,' 're-assess' and 're-educate,' so I suspect they mean the latter.

Agreed, the MSM do tend to overload their delivery channels with negative news, but the two paragraphs that were highlighted were none of the above, they described the failures of current techniques which I had obtained from the researcher's website and backed up by further peer-reviewed sources—they were not based upon personal opinion or supposition, but upon scientific facts, critical to the coherence of a genuinely 'positive' article. If I decided to miss out that particular information the reader would have been left confused as to how the new device was indeed an improvement. The information was integral to the piece, removing—or censoring—it would not be educating people fully, and as a science communicator, to me, that would be totally unacceptable. It would be a betrayal to both, the reader and to the integrity of science. 

The website informs the world that their readers are mature and intelligent. Really? Obviously, they're readership aren't that intelligent—in their eyes—otherwise they would not be censoring articles to suit their childish agenda. 

People are able to decide for themselves given the right information.

So why did they ask me to remove the said paragraphs? I'm not entirely sure, but I have a theory—or a suspicion—and I suspect it is down to an ideological/political stance the website quite clearly has on closer inspection. I wonder if they have an opinion on the removal of specific words from the English language that do not suit their political or ideological leanings. I suspect they do and I think I know what the answer would be. The whole episode reminded me of Orwell's novel '1984,' where the 'ministry of truth' would remove, redact or manipulate information for their nefarious political aims. 

Like I said this is only a suspicion, although it seems very fishy to me—I find this kind of project deeply worrying. What other information have they removed? Is 'positive' the new religion? Does 'positive' fill a void in our post religious, secular societies? 

I hope they are well meaning, but to manipulate the passage of scientific information in a way that ensures people remain in a state of blissful ignorance is, I find, morally reprehensible and is a far away from 'positive' as I could possibly imagine. As a reader I would be greatly disappointed/angered if I found out that vital information was being withheld from me because it might upset my mood—who are people to decide that? 

Again, quoting '1984,' it seems to me almost like an exercise in 'doublethink': 'war is peace,' 'freedom is slavery,' and in this instance, negative is positive. Because, let's face it, removing scientific facts is a profoundly negative(!) act to produce what they think is a perceived positive outcome. This is nonsense and shows complete contempt towards the general public; it treats us all like mere automatons, only fit to be fed titbits that our self-styled, self-aggrandising, 'intellectual' superiors deem suitable.

Needless to say, I did not 'challenge my writing style' and I withdrew immediately from the recruitment process. I will also be avoiding their brand of journalism like the plague. I understand the need for more positive news within the media today, as it generally controls us and holds us in fear, but I think manipulating science communication in this way is a step too far. 

Science is pure objective fact that transcends both politics and religion—it is not 'Soma' for the masses! I would rather people were informed correctly in a fair and balanced way rather than drip fed selected facts to produce a depressingly deluded supine population, only fit for manipulation. That most definitely is not 'positive,' that is decidedly totalitarian.